tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25325131551603502492024-03-20T04:59:30.246-07:00Softrology: Learn Software TechnologiesBlog of Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansari, Containing Lecture Notes and Reading Material Related to Software TechnologyMuhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.comBlogger44125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-9999483895755546752019-09-02T11:04:00.001-07:002019-09-20T13:10:08.073-07:00Project Management Case Studies from Life of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وسلم) Initiating and Planning The Trench Project <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Preface<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
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Mohammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه
وعلى آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) has
been ranked as the most influential person in the history of mankind (Hart, M.
1978). He literally transformed the Arab society from a set of disorganized
tribes fighting with each other into a highly civilized, organized and educated
society. He developed a nation based on the principles of compassion, equality
and justice that challenged the superpowers of its time. He dispelled
superstitions and encouraged learning – even from staunch enemies – as a result
his followers became the pioneers of modern science and mathematics <o:p></o:p></div>
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Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه
وعلى آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) had
an inspirational personality. According to Prof. K. S. Ramakrishna Rao,
Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه
وعلى آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) was
at a time a Successful Prophet, a Saint, a Preacher, a Philosopher, a Reformer,
a Social Worker, a Statesman, a Judge, a General and a Warrior (Rao, K. S. R.
1978)<o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
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In addition to the above, I find him a successful project manager
too. During the brief period of 23 years
where he was transforming Arab society, he carried out several projects and
brought them to successful closure. Students of Project Management can therefore
study his biography where they will find many real life case studies of
successful Project Management <o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
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This article is the first in the series of articles that give an account
of various projects managed by Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>). To be precise, the purpose of this article is two folds<o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
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<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>To show case real life project management case study that provide
students of this field with examples of key artifacts. This article only
focuses on key artifacts of Project Initiation and Planning. The artifacts, processes
and practices included in this article are those that are part of PMI – PMBOK.
This, however, does not mean that our intent is to explain each and every artifact
or process defined in PMBOK.</li>
<li><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>To reveal another dimension of Muhammad’s (Peace be upon him)
personality to the world</li>
</ul>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><br /></b>
<b>The Trench Project <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b>
<b>Background: <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Muhammad ibn e Abdullah (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) was born in 570 CE which was a time when Arabian Peninsula was
in political and spiritual turmoil. At the age of 40 he started receiving
divine revelations through Angel Gabriel which ordered him to initiate
spiritual and political reform. When he started correcting the beliefs and
practices of Arabs as per divine orders, he faced significant opposition and
persecution which rapidly increased. Eventually Muhammad ibn e Abdullah (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وعلى
آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> )
and his followers migrated from Makkah to Yathrib (renamed later to Madina-tun-nabi
– The city of Prophet) where they laid foundation of the first Islamic State. Following
this, a number of battles happened between the forces of Makkah and
Madina-tun-nabi. Finally the opposition decided to launch a massive attack through
a united force of various tribes to eliminate Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وعلى
آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ) and
his followers. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
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The Alliance of enemies of muslims can be divided into three groups <o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Quraish:</b> Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) belonged to a clan of Quraish tribe.
Majority of people from Quraish became enemies after Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وعلى
آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) started preaching Islam. Qurasih felt that their dominance was
at risk because of the new religion therefore they planned murder of Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وعلى
آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) which was unsuccessful after which Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وعلى
آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) migrated to Madinah along with other Muslims. There were two battles
fought between Quraishis and Muslims after the state of Madinah was established</li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Ghatafan:</b> Although they
were enemies to Muslims but they were convinced by Banu Nadir to participate in
the battle by promising to give them all the dates harvested in one year at
Khyber (place near Madinah) (Bashmel, M.A. 1988) </li>
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Banu Nadhir</b>: This tribe
used to live in Madinah butt later they were expelled from Madinah by Muhammad
(<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه
وعلى آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)
after members of this tribe attempted to kill him (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) (Bashmel, M.A. 1988)</li>
</ul>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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When Information Sources of Muhammad (Peach Be Upon Him) relayed this
news to him, he immediately called a meeting of his companions and used group
decision-making technique to determine the counter strategy. Through the unanimity
method, digging a trench around Madinah was finalized as the strategy to defend
the Islamic state and to avoid any physical assault. This method of defense was
not known to Arabs and was proposed by one of the companions who migrated from
Persia (Bashmel,
M.A. 1988)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
The Trench was a significant project managed by Muhammad (Peace Be Upon
Him) because <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Muslims (Followers of Islam are called Muslims) came to know about this
technique for the first time. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>They were lacking resources and had limited amount of days to complete
this activity. </li>
<li><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Fate of Muslims was completely dependent on the success of this project.</li>
</ul>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Initiating the project<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Before starting the project or a project phase <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>It is necessary to clearly understand at a higher level that why and what
is needed to be accomplished. This information is documented in “Statement of
work”. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>It is necessary to know that who is expected to be involved/effected by
this project (stakeholders). This information is recorded in “Stakeholder Register<o:p></o:p></div>
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Therefore, in my opinion “Statement of work” and “Stakeholder Register”
are the key artifacts of Initiation Phase <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
By looking at the historical accounts it appears that Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وعلى
آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) and
his companions developed a good understanding of the statement of work during
the initial meetings which is being documented as below<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Statement of Work<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Need:</b> An alliance of
enemies is about to attack Muslims to destroy them once and for all. A defensive
strategy is best in this case because, the allied force includes at least 10,000
people and may exceed 24,000 and Muslims are clearly outnumbered because at
maximum they have 3000 men who can fight. In addition Muslims lack weapons and cavalry.
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Scope:</b> Muslims would
dig a trench at all the possible directions from which enemies can attack.
Since Arabs never came across the technique of digging trench therefore attackers
would be lacking strategy and resources to cross the trench. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>iii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Strategic Importance</b> This
would help in preventing the newly established state of Madinah and would save
precious human lives. The enemy is putting almost all of its resources to
launch the most massive attack ever and In case Muslims are able successfully
defend without major material and human loss; the enemy will not be able to
launch another attack for a long time. As a result Muslims will get enough time
to strengthen their newly established state <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Stakeholder Register </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Success of a
project is majorly dependent on identifying the set of stakeholders, their
goals and their expectations. This is because it helps in managing stakeholder
engagement appropriately. For example, since Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) had good insight of stakeholder expectation, he was aware that
participation of Ghatafanids in the battle is just to get monetary benefits, therefore
at a point he tried to make a deal with leaders of Ghatafan where they will be
given a share of crops on the condition that they will not participate in the
attack.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Project Managers often
document the details about stakeholders in Stakeholder Register. The
Stakeholder register for Trench project can be seen in Table 1.0.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.75pt;" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Group<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Name<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Objective<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.3pt;" width="170"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Goal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.0pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Expectations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.75pt;" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Enemy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Tribe
of Quraish and associated tribes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Occupy
Madinah and Eliminate Islam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.3pt;" width="170"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Maintain
supremacy in Arabian Peninsula <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.0pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">This
group will invest maximum efforts to eliminate Muslims <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.75pt;" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Enemy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Tribe
of Ghatafan and associated tribes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Occupy
Madinah and Eliminate Islam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.3pt;" width="170"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Monetary
Benefits offered by People in Khyber (a place near Madinah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.0pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">This
group is primarily interested in Monetary benefits and incentives promised by Banu Nadhir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 63.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.75pt;" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Enemy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Tribe
of Banu Nadhir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Occupy
Madinah and Eliminate Islam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.3pt;" width="170"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Take
revenge of expulsion. Regain Supremacy and Influence in Madinah by
Eliminating Islam/Muslims<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.0pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Strategic
and Diplomatic efforts of this group resulted in this united offence. Banu Nadhir is expected to convince Banu Qurayza who are Allies of Muslims, to break treaty and join attackers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 63.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.75pt;" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Muslims<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Refugees
(Muhajireen)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Protect
Madinah and Islam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.3pt;" width="170"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Establish
and govern a welfare state as per Islamic principles<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.0pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Put
in maximum efforts to protect Islam <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.75pt;" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Muslims<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Residents
of Madinah (Ansar) - Tribe of Aws <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Protect
Madinah and Islam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.3pt;" width="170"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Establish
and govern a welfare state as per Islamic principles<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.0pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Put
maximum efforts to protect Islam <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.75pt;" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Muslims<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Resident
of Madinah (Ansar) - Tribe of Khazraj<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Protect
Madinah and Islam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.3pt;" width="170"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Establish
and govern a welfare state as per Islamic principles<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.0pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Put
maximum efforts to protect Islam <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.75pt;" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Muslims<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Hypocrites
of Madinah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ensure
Personal Safety while enjoying benefits<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.3pt;" width="170"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Maintain
a position which helps them associate with a side that has greater
probability of dominance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.0pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Limited
efforts to be put in and to refrain from taking any risks. Limited harvesting
of crops this year will further reduce their interest and efforts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 63.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.75pt;" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Allies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Tribe
of Banu Qurayza<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Support
Muslims in Protecting Madinah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.3pt;" width="170"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Continue
to live in prosperity near Madinah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.0pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Although
they are supposed to help Muslims in protecting Madinah as per the treaty but
there is a risk that these people may break the treaty due to diplomatic
efforts Banu Nadhir who follow the same religion</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 63.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.75pt;" width="72"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Allies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Other
Residents of Madinah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">ProtectMadinah
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 127.3pt;" width="170"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Continue
to live in prosperity in and around Madinah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.0pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Take
measures to extend the trench to prevent attackers to enter through their
colonies <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Table 1.0 – Stakeholder Register (Hamidullah,
M. 1983)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Having a clear statement of work and
understanding of stakeholders is vital for success of any project. Modern
Project Management practices suggest to record this information in a document called Project Charter along with
success criteria of project, schedule for key milestones, name of project
manager assigned to the project etc. <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Having a clear statement of work and
understanding of stakeholders is vital for success of any project. Modern
Project Management practices suggest to </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">record this information in a document called Project Charter along with
success criteria of project, schedule for key milestones, name of project
manager assigned to the project etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Planning<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
As soon as the statement of work was clear Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) immediately started the activities that
are part of Project Planning. Project Planning involves establishing the total scope
of effort, refining the objectives of the project and defining the course of
action to successfully complete the project. Without wasting any time, he set
out on horseback for a tour of inspection to get an idea of the terrain, to
determine the points of strategic importance and to outline the path of trench.
In order to get expert judgment and consultation, this survey and inspection of
the terrain was not done alone but with those having experience of digging
ditch along with those having experience and knowledge of warfare. In addition,
setting good example of stakeholder engagement, Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) included representation of both Ansar and
Refugees (Muhajireen) in the team that accompanied him during this inspection. (Hamidullah,
M. 1983). The student of Islamic history will note that Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) believed that quick decision making and timely
actions are vital for strategic projects.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
The project planning process group produces numerous artifacts. The
historical account of trench project contain sufficient details which have been
organized to prepare the below documents.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Requirements Document</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Scope Baseline</span></li>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "courier new"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Scope Statement</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "courier new"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "courier new"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">WBS Dictionary</span></li>
</ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Project Schedule</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Risk Register</span></li>
</ul>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Requirements Document: </span></b>In order to establish
the total scope of work, it is necessary to collect complete set of
requirements. The primary purpose of the tour of Madinah’s inspection was to
determine the exact requirements that will help meet the objectives of the
project. The very involvement of key stakeholders in this process of
determining requirements assured the quality of requirement collection. During
this process, group creativity technique known as brainstorming was used along
with unanimity method of group decision making to determine the final set of
requirements. It was concluded that only the north of Madinah was open and
exposed which could be used to launch a full scale attack. Other directions
were mostly covered by dense gardens and habitations of various tribes. The
passage between these gardens and habitations was zig zag and narrow thus no
formation except in long columns was possible for the enemy. The complete set of
requirements for Trench Project can be found in Table 2.0 </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Name<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Summary
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="bottom" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Rationale
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="280"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Requirement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.75pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Position
of Army - 001 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Determine
a strategically suitable position for arraying Army.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">To
be able to monitor activities of enemy <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.25pt;" width="280"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The
position should give Muslims the advantage of being able to monitoring enemy and
the position should be supportive of Muslims in worst case where attack is
launched<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.75pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Long
trench – 002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The
Trench will cover open areas around Madinah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Prevent
enemy from launching a massive attack<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.25pt;" width="280"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Trench
should be dug north of Madinah. It would connect lava fields on west of Sala’
hillock to the north and will be extended to the date farms</span><span style="color: red; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 38.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 38.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.75pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Wide trench – 003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Trench
cannot be crossed by any means<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Prevent
enemy from launching a massive attack<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.25pt;" width="280"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The
trench should be wide enough so that horsemen on the best horses cannot jump
pass it <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 38.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 38.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.75pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Deep
trench – 004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Depth
of trench should supports its effectiveness<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Prevent
enemy from launching a massive attack<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.25pt;" width="280"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Trench
should be deep enough so that significant injuries are sustained by anyone who fells into it<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 63.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.75pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Protection
for Archers – 005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Parapet
towards Madinah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Prevent
enemy from launching a massive attack<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.25pt;" width="280"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">There
should be Protection which should allow archers to operate safely. In
addition, the protection should also make it even more challenging for
horseman to cross the trench<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.75pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Transfer
Residents to Forts – 006<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Transfer
residents to safer places<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Prevent
citizens from a small scale attack<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.25pt;" width="280"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Relocate
women , children, those who cannot participate in battle, livestock, food and
valuables to forts/towers in Madinah which are safe this will prevent them
from coming under attack by small group of enemies <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Table 2.0 – Requirements<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
The above table
attempts to formally state Requirements. Requirements documented in similar way
are combined with several other details including project description and other
information (which varies based upon project domain) in a document called
Requirements Document<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Scope Baseline of Trench Project </span></b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Based on the
requirements, the scope of project is defined and documented. The scope
statement, Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and WBS Dictionary form the Scope
base line of the project. Setting a good example for Project Managers, Muhammad
(</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه
وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) did not allow any changes to
the scope baseline without a change control procedure <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo9; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Scope statement: </span></b>Scope statement is
an important piece of documentation that includes Product Scope description,
Acceptance Criteria, Deliverable, Project Exclusion, Constraint, Assumptions. Below is the scope statement of trench project </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The <b>deliverable</b>
of the project is a trench that covers North of Madinah whose <b>success
criteria</b> is to protect citizens of Madinah by preventing enemy to launch a
large scale attack. As far as <b>product scope description </b>is concerned, the
length of the trench would approximately be 18,500 ft (5638 meters). Width and
depth would be such that it cannot be jump crossed even by best horses.
Usually a ditch that is 15 ft (4.6 meters) wide and 8 ft (2.4 meters) deep
cannot be jumped over by horses. The trench will be N shaped that will connect
two lava plains starting from an agreed upon point in north-east touching the
northern Farewell Hill (Thaniyat Al-Wada) at Madhad, converging to the west as
far as the hill of Banu Ubaid returning to the Mount Sal’ as far as the point
where Victory Mosque stands today. As a preventive measure the residents of
Madinah will also be shifted to safe forts/towers (Hamidullah, M. 1983).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There are some
open spaces between residential colonies at one side of Madinah, however those
areas are <b>excluded</b> from the scope of project. The residents of those
colonies might dig trench on those areas and connect it to the actual
trench. </span><br />
The amount of time to
be spend on this project is <b>constrained</b> by the fact that preparations of
enemy are almost complete. At maximum, a little more than a month might be
available to complete this project</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is <b>assumed</b>
that enemies will not be prepared for this defensive strategy as it has not
been used in Arabian Peninsula before, therefore their objective to engage in a
formal battle will not be accomplished<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo9; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): </span></b>The purpose of WBS is
to completely list down all project and product related work that must be
performed. The scope statement becomes a key input to the WBS along with the
requirements. Figure 1.0 shows the WBS of trench project. Having a WBS help
project manager in making sure that all the required work is known, scheduled
and completed.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<o:lock aspectratio="f" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Figure 1.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo9; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">WBS Dictionary <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="background: #BFBFBF; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="139"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Work Package ID<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>WBS Title<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="background: #BFBFBF; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 249.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="332"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Description <o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 105.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 105.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.0pt;" width="139"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
1.1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 105.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Finalize Positions<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 105.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 249.0pt;" width="332"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
This work package includes a survey to
determine <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>The
best place where the Army should camp which will also play role in determining
the path of trench. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>The
directions from which attack can be launched to finalize the path of trench. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>The
Positions where check posts will be setup. These check posts will be to
support digging activities and later to ensure that enemies do not infiltrate
<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 1.25in; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 1.25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.0pt;" width="139"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
2.1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Arrange resources<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 249.0pt;" width="332"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Arranging resources involves<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Coordinate
with Banu Qurayza to obtain tools for digging and maintain a store to retain
the tools. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Informing
all Muslims about the project and engaging them in digging activity. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Erect
a tent where Prophet Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) can stay 24x7 to monitor the project.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.0pt;" width="139"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
2.2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Trench Digging <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 249.0pt;" width="332"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
This work package will deliver a deep
and wide trench along with a parapet at the side of Madinah<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 75.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 75.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.0pt;" width="139"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
3.1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 75.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Organize troops and assign responsibilities<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 75.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 249.0pt;" width="332"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
On completion of trench digging, troops
should be organized and responsibilities should be assigned. This work
package involves <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Reviewing
troops to ensure that boys below 15 do not participate in combat or
patrolling. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Dividing
the army into battalions and assigning responsibility to each group<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 60.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.0pt;" width="139"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
3.2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.0pt;" width="196"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Secure the residents of the city<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 249.0pt;" width="332"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
This includes <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Assigning
deputy in Madinah <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Moving
women, children, disabled, livestock, food and valuables into safe forts. <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Table 3.0 WBS Dictionary<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Project Schedule: </span></b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">WBS identifies work
packages which are decomposed into smaller components call activities.
Activities represent work effort which can be estimated for duration and
resources. Project Schedule ensures that not only all the activities required
to complete the project happens but happens in right order, by right people and
within a right duration. In order to prepare schedule a Project Manager usually </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Breaks the work items identified in WBS into actions whose durations can
be estimated and can be assigned to resources. This process is called Define
Activities in PMBOK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo8; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.75in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For example, “Finalize Positions” is broken down into activities of surveying site, identifying and agreeing upon location where Army will camp,
finalizing the path of trench and finalize position of checkpoints. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Determines the order in which activities should be performed (Sequence
Activities)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo8; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.75in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The dependencies within tasks dictate the order in which activities can
be performed. For example, digging will start once the tools (resources) have
been arranged. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Estimate the resources required to complete actions/activities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo8; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.75in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Considering the nature of work as well as other important factors, a
project manager determines the equipment, human and material resources <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">required (and
available)</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>to complete this activity. Digging trench did not involve specialized skills or
training and the timelines were challenging, therefore Muhammad (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) all<span style="font-family: inherit;">owed <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">young boys to
participate in digging activity thus the number of available human resources
reached 3000 people. </span>There
was shortage of tools like wheel</span>barrows but it was not a showstopper as people
can use their garments to carry soil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Estimate the duration required to complete action/activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo8; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.75in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Based on the amount
of work effort required to complete an activity, the number and type of
available resources, a project manager determines the work periods (duration)
required to complete an activity</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -1.75in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -1.75in;">For example, the work periods in which trench digging got completed
seems to be 28 days (Abdul Bari, 1984). Muhammad (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; text-indent: -1.75in;">صلى الله عليه وسلم</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -1.75in;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -1.75in;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -1.75in;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -1.75in;"></span><span style="text-indent: -1.75in;">) came up with this duration after organizing the workforce into
300 teams each containing 10 members. Each team was assigned to dig an area of
7400 cubic feet out of a total area equivalent to 22,20,000 cubic feet
(length=18,500 ft. width= 15 ft. and depth = 8 ft.) . Each team would dig
approximately 264 cubic feet daily to complete the trench in 28 days. (Abdul
Bari, 1984)</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.75in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Many project managers
often model Project Schedule as Gantt chart. Figure 2.0 shows Project Schedule
of Trench Project as Gantt chart which has been prepared using MS Project <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht1aqipEKfQE2ewlhDyDWeDNZTMGywfR3k2RGl-ovcdQIpJdK6kK3I2q1u_5gg4vpv7h9cDwx3HreHWMAMZfy0xK6KvM5OCpPZ-eZwWBOrp4SfqTF0CONb7oKWuW0eOyZBj69bSn1EqgP9/s1600/Schedule.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="727" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht1aqipEKfQE2ewlhDyDWeDNZTMGywfR3k2RGl-ovcdQIpJdK6kK3I2q1u_5gg4vpv7h9cDwx3HreHWMAMZfy0xK6KvM5OCpPZ-eZwWBOrp4SfqTF0CONb7oKWuW0eOyZBj69bSn1EqgP9/s1600/Schedule.png" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Figure 2.0 – Project Schedule<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Risk Register</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Muslims were digging
trench for the first time, the path of the trench included rocky areas and
there was limited time, due to all these factors there was a chance that trench
might not be completed before the arrival of enemy. Considering this Muhammad (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) allowed young boys to participate in
digging as a result increasing the total number of workers. In addition, he implemented ground rules that
no one would leave the work without permission. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
In the above
example, the possibility of not completing the work on time can be termed as Risk
in project management terminology. It is defined as an event or a condition
that might occur and positively or negatively impact one of project objectives.
It is important for the success of project that risks are regularly reviewed to
determine the status of existing risks and to identify new risks. This is
because risks can dictate changes in scope or decisions, for example
considering the above mentioned risk, workforce was increased by including
young boys and special ground rules were defined. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Risks that can effect a
project negatively are called Threats, whereas opportunities are the risks that
if exploited can positively impact a project. For example, the enemies were
coming with preparations to start the battle immediately therefore they did not
had enough food stocks to keep Madinah under siege for a long period. Therefore,
ensuring effectiveness of the trench will frustrate enemy, they will run out of
sustenance and will be forced to go back. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Since risks have
significant impacts on the project therefore it is important to carefully
document and manage risks. To achieve this objective it is suggested that
project managers maintain a Risk Register throughout the project. Following
steps can be performed to prepare a Risk Register <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Identify the risks: While identifying risks, people often make use of
Risk Breakdown structure (RBS) which documents the sources/categories of risks.
Having the list of sources handy in the RBS helps in brainstorming to identify
risks. RBS is also be used to associate various risks to respective categories
which helps determining how to deal with the risks. RBS for the trench project
is found in Figure 3.0 <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Determine the probability of risk occurrence: In order to reduce
influence of bias, the definition of probability levels should be established. Table
7.0 documents the probability scale used for this project <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Determine the impact of each risk: In order to reduce influence of bias,
the definition of threat and opportunity impact levels should be established. Table
5.0 and 6.0 document the threat and
opportunity impact scale used for this project <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "courier new"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>And in some cases you may
want to quantify the impacts of risks on cost, quality etc. <i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3LjQEFHU4Hio445ykU17BOFFFvX5cP7alTx2PjDrwrHoya_RjEJpQW1p87niGc3XNcAyUIW9YJYB5WVvsSAE-Rg2EfYnXlUkuWBFE1_rUR_ZJT8kB0ChErMlS1iouqtm35B5VHVmz20VD/s1600/Risk+Breakdown.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3LjQEFHU4Hio445ykU17BOFFFvX5cP7alTx2PjDrwrHoya_RjEJpQW1p87niGc3XNcAyUIW9YJYB5WVvsSAE-Rg2EfYnXlUkuWBFE1_rUR_ZJT8kB0ChErMlS1iouqtm35B5VHVmz20VD/s1600/Risk+Breakdown.png" /></a></span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Risk Breakdown Structure- Figure 3.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
The outputs of the
above activities are recorded in Risk Register which is frequently referred to
and updated during the project life cycle. Another important item is to record
how a particular risk will be handled and who is responsible for handling the
risk</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Risk Register for
Trench Project can be found in table 4.0 </div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -31.75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 43.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">S.No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Identified
Risk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mitigation/Response
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Category
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Type<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Priority
(Probability x Impact)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="bottom" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Urgency<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 63.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Limited
time may result in incomplete trench thus enabling enemy to launch assault<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Initiate
the digging process immediately and encourage everyone to participate. Let
young boys participate as well. Ensure people give maximum time to trench
digging<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Schedule<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Threat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">High
(0.5*0.5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 63.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">High<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Draught
and early harvest may result in negatively impacting morale in turn impacting the
performance/quality of work <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Motivate
people by using good leadership techniques and making additional sustenance
available whenever possible <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Weather<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Threat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">High
(0.5*0.5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Medium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 76.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 76.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Narrow
Portions of Trench May Result in enemies crossing trench resulting and
causing life losses <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Patrolling
of trench and in case where motivation of enemy to attack increases move
security camps/checkposts closer to narrower
areas to ensure effective surveillance <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Trench
Quality<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Threat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">High
(0.4*0.3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Low<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">limited
cavalry (36 vs 600) will result in slower patrolling thus may provide enemy
an opportunity to bypass the trench<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Since
there are multiple groups patrolling therefore chances of intercepting those
who bypass are significant. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Trench
Quality<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Threat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Medium
(0.4 * 0.2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Low<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Small
scale attack, that can be launched via other areas that were not covered by
trench, can result in damages to Muslims<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Patrolling
of these areas will be done to intercept insurgencies <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Enemy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Threat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Medium
(0.3*0.1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Low<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Breaking
of treaty may happen if People of Khyber negotiate with Banu Qurayza
resulting in attack on people in Madinah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Transfer
women, children and those who cannot fight to forts. In addition patrolling
of the city should also be ensured<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Allies
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Threat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Low
(0.2*0.5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Low<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 102.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 102.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 102.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Position
of Archers being against air direction may reduce their effectiveness and
thus not a major threat for enemy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 102.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Archers
will only be used to defend Trench and create it difficult for people to
cross. As Archers won’t be used to launch/support an attack therefore being
against wind direction will not result in major loss <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 102.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Trench
Quality<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 102.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Threat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 102.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Low
(0.5*0.1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 102.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Low<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Enemy
will come with limited stock of food as they are not prepared to carry out a
siege of city thus they will run out of sustenance soon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ensure
that enemy is not able to launch any major attack on Muslims<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Enemy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Opportunity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">High
(0.5*0.5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Low<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 85.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 85.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 85.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Cold
and Windy weather may result in difficulty to retain position thus armies may
have to retreat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 85.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Muslims
would chose a position where mount Sal will be covering them to an extent
from Wind and trench will be protecting them from enemy.<br />
Enemy will have no such protection from whether therefore they may not be
able to continues siege for long<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 85.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Weather<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 85.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" width="80"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Opportunity
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 85.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">High
(0.3*0.5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 85.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" width="92"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">High<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Table 4.0 Risk Register , (Bashmel, M.A. 1988),
(Abdul Bari, 1984)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
For Response of Risk
3,4,5, two separate patrolling parties were organized under leadership of Zaid bin
Hartha (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">رضی اللہ عنہ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) and Sa’ad bin Ubadah (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">رضی اللہ عنہ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>). For the response of Risk 6, Ibn Umm Maktoom (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">رضی اللہ عنہ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) was assigned as acting chief of Madinah and Salma bin Aslam (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">رضی اللہ عنہ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) was assigned the responsibility of patrolling Madinah with 200
men.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="background: #D9D9D9; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
Rating<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Impact<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Major - A large group (500+) of soldiers
is able to attack<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Significant - Significant number of
soldiers (200+) is able to attack as a group<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Moderate - A small group (40+) of
soldiers is able to attack <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Minor - Less than 40 soldiers are able
to attack<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Table 5.0 Impact Scale for Threats<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="background: #D9D9D9; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
Rating<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Impact<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Major - An event/condition that forces
enemy to retreat<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Significant - An event/condition that
prevents enemy to launch any attack<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Moderate - An event/condition that
prevents even a small group (40+) to launch an attack<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Minor - An event/condition that prevents
a significant attack (200+)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Table 6.0 Impact Scale for Threats<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="background: #D9D9D9; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Rating <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="background: #D9D9D9; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Probability<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
91-100% chances<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
61- 90% chances<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
41-60% chances<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
11-40% chances<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 365.0pt;" width="487"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
0-10% chances<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Table 7.0 Likelihood Scale of Risks </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Monitoring, Controlling, Executing and Closing<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
The project management of trench project contains good example of other
project management activities as well. These are planned to be covered in
upcoming article <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Reference <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hart, M. (1978) The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in
History<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rao, K. S. R (1978) Muhammed The Prophet of Islam <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">علامہ محمد احمد باشمیل، غزوہ احزاب مترجم<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>اخترفتح پوری، نفیس اکیڈمی کراچی</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Bashmel, M.A. (1988)
Ghazwa Ahzab translated by Fateh Poori, A., Nafees Academy Karachi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hamidullah, M. (1983) The Battle Fields of Prophet Muhammad Peace be
Upon Him, Kitab bhawan, New Delhi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">عبدلباری، رسول کریم صلى الله عليه وسلم کی جنگی اسکیم، الفیصل،
لاہور</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Abdul Bari. (1984) Rasool e Karim </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">صلى الله عليه وسلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ki Jangee
Scheme, Al Faisal Lahore</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-26293196738781411972015-11-03T04:48:00.000-08:002015-11-03T04:48:02.740-08:00Module I ASP.NET 4.5 Lecture 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Browser Server Communication </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1- User types URL ()/Clicks Hyper link etc, Browser Sends request to that address using Http</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2- If the server is active it accepts the request</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3- If the requested resource is HTML or image the server reads the file from local drive and sends it to browser</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4- If the resource is a dynamic file such as aspx, the server checks Application Mapping/Handler Mapping to determine the piece of code required to execute this file.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5- The file is then execute and output is sent to browser.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Contents of ASPX File</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An ASPX file contains </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Static HTML, Javascript or CSS. These are sent directly to the browser</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- ASP.NET Server control,. These controls are placed in your ASPX page and when they are processed, they emit HTML that is inserted in the page</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Programming Code, You can embed code, like Visual Basic .NET or C#, directly in a page. In addition, you can place code in a separate code file (Code Beside/Code Behind). This code can be executed by runtime automatically or in response to a particular event like Button_Click or Page_Load </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>New Project Vs New Web Site</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Visual Studio allows you to choose between a website and a web application</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Web Site Projects </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Suitable when a single person is doing work</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- It is made of a folder in which a number of files are stored. All files in the folder are considered to be part of project</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Deployment is easy as it involves simply making a folder available to webserver</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Updates can be made by simply copying the file on the server</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Web Application Projects </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Suitable when a team of people are working on a single web site </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Is compatible with tools that manages versioning like Team Foundation Server</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Maintains a proj file which records the contents of the application and developers have more control over compilation and deployment</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Has support for Technologies like MVC and WebAPI</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Four Main Development Frameworks Supported by ASP.NET</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ASP.NET Web Forms</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Allows declarative and control-based programming using Microsoft Windows Forms (WinForms) and WPF/XAML/Silverlight. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- WYSIWYG (What you see is what you get) designer-driven development model</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Suitable for rapid application development (RAD) - Enables programmers to develop web applications without getting command on other web related technologies like HTML and javaScript</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ASP.NET MVC</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Development is based on patterns and principles like testdriven development, separation of concerns, inversion of control (IoC), and dependency injection (DI). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Encourages separating the business logic layer of a web application from its presentation layer. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ASP.NET Web Pages</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Development is done in similar way as it is done in other web technologies like PHP. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">HTML pages are created and then server-based code is added to the page in order to dynamically control how that markup is rendered. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A lightweight framework </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ASP.NET Single Page Applications (SPA)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Applications that include significant client-side interactions using HTML 5, CSS 3 and JavaScript. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Uses knockout.js and ASP.NET Web API. community-created SPA templates are also available for download</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Starting With ASP.NET </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Getting Started with Basics</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Create a new Web Site by Selecting File -> New Web Site </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Choose Empty Website from List of Templates</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Specify a name for the site and Press Save</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Select Website -> Add New Item </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- In the Add New Item Dialog, Choose Visual C#, select Webform and then press add</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As a result of the above, you can find a new file added under the website in Solution Explorer</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Designing the page using WYSIWYG (Design View)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Select Design from the bottom</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Select View -> Toolbars and make sure Formatting toolbar is selected. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Write any text on the page and use "B" or "I" on the formattint toolbar to add <b> and <i> tags</i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Formatting toolbar can be used to add some basic HTML tags to the page. A list of tags is also provided in block format dropdown from which you can choose Headings, List and other HTML elements</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The formatting toolbar provides similar interface as that of MS Word but adds HTML and CSS in the source of the page. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Style of Bullets and numbering can be modified using the Format -> Bullets and Numbering menu</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Table can be inserted using Table -> Insert Table. This will cause the "Insert Table" Dialog to be opened where the programmer can specify the Rows, columns and other settings </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If the borders of the table are not visible, select Visible Borders from View -> Visual Aids</span></div>
Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-43451879508526913682012-11-03T21:12:00.001-07:002012-11-03T21:12:11.873-07:00Changing TargetFramework of ASP.NET project in VB<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I recently faced a situation where we had to run one project on server running .NET 2.0. The project was ASP.NET application using VB.NET.<br />
<br />
In C# you easily find the targetframework option in the applications tab of properties dialogbox but in VB.NET i was struggling to find that<br />
<br />
Later on I found that you can go to project properties -> Compile -> Advance Compile Options where the target framework option can be found</div>
Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-43839847929875439632012-08-07T12:46:00.001-07:002012-08-07T12:46:31.398-07:00Introduction to Web Applications (MAJU Fall 2012)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<strong>Learning Objective:</strong><br />
To introduce Web Applications in simplist terms and to introduce the key players involved<br />
<br />
<strong>What are web applications?</strong><br />
<strong>Simplist definition:</strong>Stored on a server and accessed via A Web Browser<br />
<br /><strong>Whats the advantage?</strong><br />- Code resides at a single place<br />- Clients need no installation therefore there is no need of high processing and memory capabilities at client end <br />- Incase new feature needs to be coded then update is required at the server only. In other words maintenance is easy <br />
<br /><strong>Why Study Web Application?</strong><br />- Due to easy maintenance companies donot hestiate to chose web based solutions<br />- Requires less processing power at the client end <br />- Can be very easily made available over the internet so that remote users can also use the application<br />
<br />
<strong>Entities Involved</strong><br />
- Web Browser <br />- Web Server <br />- Database Server (optional)<br />
<br />
<strong>Web Browser: </strong>Has the responsibility of displaying the output to the end user<br />
<br />
<strong>Web Server: </strong><br />Has the responsibility of processing the request of user and preparinng the response<br />
<br />
<strong>Database Server:</strong>Stores the data that is important to users<br />
<br />To understand the role of each lets take example of restaurant and compare it with Web Applications:<br />-You give your order to the waiter <br />-In web application you place request on web browser<br />
-The waiter takes the order to the cook<br />-The browser sends the request to server<br />
-The cook reads the order and prepares dishes <br />-The webserver reads the request and prepares response<br />
- To prepare the dishes the cook obtains ingrediants from the server<br />- To prepare the response server obtains data from Database Server<br />
- The cook gives the prepared dishes to the waiter<br />- The Server sends the prepared response to the browser<br />
- The Waiter brings the dishes to you<br />- The browser displays the prepared response to you<br /><br /><strong>Communication Between Browser and Server</strong>- The scenario of Browser and Server is more complex than that of Waiter and Cook. Both Waiter and Cook belong to the same restaurant, but browser and server and normally made by different companies<br />- If browser of each company applies a different set of rules to ensure successfull transit of data to server then developing a server will become a very complex task as server will have to have knowledge of varying rules of each browser<br />- Similary if server made by each company applies different set of rules to send respone then making browsers will become very difficult <br />- The solution is to have a standard set of rules that all browsers and servers use. This standard set of rules is known as Hyper text Transfer protocol <br />- Similary the contents of the response contain a standard language which Hyper text markup language </div>Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-3853386748796348852012-02-24T10:40:00.002-08:002012-02-24T10:42:33.312-08:00Mapping ER Models into Relations (For Students of Database Systems)I was about to write something on this topic but found a resource that contains the contents I was willing to discuss.<br />Do visit the link below and get the copy of material for future reference<br /><a href="http://db.grussell.org/section006.html">http://db.grussell.org/section006.html</a><a id="_Toc525977652" name="_Toc525977652"></a>Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-36634976051391947042012-01-06T18:22:00.000-08:002012-01-06T18:27:52.413-08:00Database Systems Lecture 1 & 2 (MAJU Spring 2012)<strong>Topics of the Lesson:<br /></strong>• Introduction of Database<br />• File-based systems<br />• Database management systems<br />• Comparison between File-based system and Database management systems<br /><br /><strong>Functions of DBMS<br /></strong>Introducing Database:<br />The simplest definition is given by Date (1999, p. 2) according to which Database is a<br />collection of computerized data files. In simple words it is computerized<br />record keeping.<br /><br /><strong>Examples of Database Applications<br /></strong>• Purchases from the supermarket<br />• Purchases using your credit card<br />• Booking a holiday at the travel agents<br />• Using the local library<br />• Taking out insurance<br />• Using the Internet<br />• Studying at university<br /><br /><strong>File-based Systems<br /></strong>• Collection of application programs that perform services for the end users (e.g. reports).<br />• Each program defines and manages its own data<br />• E.g. is a C++ system that accepts and stores data. In such case the sequence in which the fields are recorded is coded in the program, not in the file.<br /><br /><strong>Limitations of File-Based Approach<br /></strong><br />• Separation and isolation of data<br />– Each program maintains its own set of data.<br />– Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other programs.<br />– Duplication of data<br />– Same data is held by different programs.<br />– Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for the same item.<br /><br />• Duplication of data<br />– Same data is held by different programs.<br />– Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for the same item.<br /><br /><strong>Database Approach</strong><br /><br />• Arose because:<br />– Definition of data was embedded in application programs, rather than being stored separately and independently.<br />– No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that imposed by application programs.<br />• <br />Result:<br />– the database and Database Management System (DBMS).<br /><br /><strong>Formal definition of Database</strong><br />• Shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization.<br />• System catalog (metadata) provides description of data to enable program–data independence.<br />• Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an organization’s<br />information.<br /><br /><strong>Database Management System (DBMS)<br /></strong>• A software system that enables users to define, create, and maintain the database and that provides controlled access to this database.<br />Views<br />• Allows each user to have his or her own view of the database.<br />• A view is essentially some subset of the database.<br /><br /><strong>Functions of Database Management System<br /></strong>· Provide Security<br />· Data Integrity<br />· Provide controlled concurrency<br />· Reduced data redundancy<br />· Crash Recovery<br />· Backup and RecoveryMuhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-62996831795714461902011-08-12T14:20:00.000-07:002011-08-12T14:24:49.459-07:00Introduction to WIX (Windows Installer XML)Recently I have got an opportunity to work on creating installers for some of our products. In past I never got involved in post development activities but during my current job I spent some time in development related to deployment.
<br />I have discovered there is a whole world out there to explore. Even the tip of the ice berg is quite vast.
<br />Initially I created installers based on MSI technology using Visual Studio. However, I experienced that the approach was not friendly when it come to incorporate some product changes in installer. This is because we need to recompile the entire project and subsequently do some changes to resultant installer via orca. Addition/updation is a very common requirement in the web-based products we sell. For example, sometimes there is a small change like css update of an image/icon changes. This approach, which I was using required someone to rebuild the Visual Studio project which implies that visual studio is present on the machine. In addition, another dependency exists in the form of a person who knows visual studio and has some experience of creating installers.
<br />Eventually a need of such an approach was felt which could free us from such dependencies.
<br />The research resulted in the discovery of Microsoft WIX (Windows Installer Xml). WIX which is based on MSI technology allows us to descriptively create installers using XML files. There are tools through which people only specify the folders that need to be part of the installer and facilities are available to almost do whatever that is necessary while creating installer. Plug-ins are also available to integrate WIX with visual studio.
<br />However, it must be kept in mind that the learning curve is quite steep. To facilitate people who are interested in learning WIX, I am listing some of the resources that I found useful. I will be adding some more resources to the list after filtering the collection I have
<br />
<br />Creating WIX Installer for ASP.NET Web Application
<br /><a href="http://www.codeproject.com/KB/install/asp_wix.aspx">http://www.codeproject.com/KB/install/asp_wix.aspx</a>
<br />
<br />From MSI to WiX
<br /><a href="http://blogs.technet.com/b/alexshev/archive/2008/02/10/from-msi-to-wix.aspx">http://blogs.technet.com/b/alexshev/archive/2008/02/10/from-msi-to-wix.aspx</a>
<br />
<br />WIX Tutorial
<br /><a href="http://wix.tramontana.co.hu/tutorial">http://wix.tramontana.co.hu/tutorial</a>
<br />Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-84224870762400666842011-08-12T00:24:00.000-07:002011-08-12T00:53:42.227-07:00Logging in IIS 7<strong>Location of Log file: </strong>
<br />%SystemDrive%\inetpub\logs\LogFiles
<br />
<br /><strong>Pre-Requisite of Logging:
<br /></strong>On Windows Server 2008 R2, following role service must be installed (In other Windows OS the following module must be enabled)
<br />• Http Logging
<br />
<br /><strong>Enabling and Disabling Logging: </strong>
<br /><strong>
<br /></strong>If the pre requisite is installed the “Logging Icon” will appear in the “IIS” category of IIS Manager ([Server] Home Screen)
<br />By default it is enabled, however it can be disabled or other configuration can be changed
<br />
<br /><strong>References: </strong>
<br />http://www.itsolutionskb.com/2009/10/how-to-find-iis-log-files/
<br />http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754631(WS.10).aspx
<br />
<br />Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-65454301623380617962011-08-01T18:21:00.000-07:002011-08-12T00:55:20.098-07:00AnjLab Profiler and “master.mdf…trc” filesSQL Profiler is a very useful tool to trace the execution of instructions over a database, however , it is not available for express edition of SQL Server databases
<br />An alternate for this is a profiler from AnjLab which provides features quite similar to that of SQL Profiler.
<br />Both SQL Profiler and AnjLab Profiler make use of the “Trace” facility available in the database engine of SQL Server.
<br />
<br />Overall this profiler is harmless, however, there are two issues that must be considered when using the profiler
<br />
<br />1. The profiler creates “master.mdf..yyyy.mm.dd.hh.min.sec.trc” file but (at least in our case it) does not delete the file when tracing is finished. These files are created in the default “DATA” folder of SQL Server instance (in our case). Since the files are not deleted automatically therefore a number of trace executions consume a lot of valuable space
<br />
<br />2. In our scenario, if the profiler executes for a long time then it starts going into “Not Responding” states. Eventually the user is forced to close the application. In this case the “Trace” in SQL Server is not deleted thus it continues to execute and keeps on creating files unless explicitly closed using “sp_trace_setstatus”. (For more information on finding, stopping and closing traces see the article in this blog “<a href="http://softrology.blogspot.com/2011/06/sql-server-trace-files-consuming-lot-of.html">SQL Server Trace Files Consuming Lot of Space</a>”).
<br />Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-71186767222582729462011-07-06T11:19:00.000-07:002011-07-06T11:23:57.569-07:00SQL Server Database becoming unavailableRecently one of our Client went through a situation in which databases were becoming unavailable. We investigated the problem and searched for possible solutions.<br />Here is the summary of the activity<br /><br /><strong>Findings<br /></strong><br />The error found in the client's database server log is<br />“FCB::Open: Operating system error 32(The process cannot access the file because it is being used by another process.)”<br />Other messages do not seem to be suspicious<br />There are three popular causes of this error<br /><strong>Abnormal Shutdowns: </strong><br />In case system abnormally shuts down due to power failure or was forced to shutdown due to a “Not responding state”, operating system processes like “Write caching on device” are not completed properly and some files are not released.<br />Due to this some databases are shown as suspect on restart<br /><strong>Solution:<br /></strong>Uncheck the “Enable write caching on device”, which can be found in settings of partition/drive. The settings can be opened via the Hardware Tab which gets displayed when properties are of the drive are accessed<br /><strong>MDF Files Used by other Processes:<br /></strong>There may be antivirus or backup routines scheduled on the system. SQL Server starts a particular database when it is accessed by users. In case when MDF or LDF file is already in use by an anti-virus scan or backup schedule, then the operating system does not allow SQL Server to use the particular database file<br /><strong>Solution: </strong><br />Exempt Database files from anti-virus scans or schedule scans and backups at a time when Database is not in use<br />Note: <u>Process Explorer</u> is an off-the-shelf tool that can be used to investigate which processes are actually using/locking particular file.<br /><br /><strong>Limited privileges to Logon Account:<br /></strong>Some technical resources suggest that the problem may be due to limited privileges to log-on account<br /><strong>Solution<br /></strong>Grant privileges to the Logon account so that it is able to access LOG folder of MS SQL ServerMuhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-74782241369920158102011-06-11T05:48:00.001-07:002011-06-11T05:52:01.579-07:00SQL Server Trace Files Consuming Lot of SpaceRecently we faced a situation in which Hard Drive of one of our server machines was getting filled up. Investigation resulted in the discovery that a large number of trace files were being created<br />Initial study developed an opinion that it was due to default trace, however a formal study resulted in the finding which have been listed in the form of following Q/A.<br /><em>Note: Information Applies to SQL Server 2005 and later versions</em><br /><br /><strong>WHY DEFAULT TRACING IS DONE?</strong><br />Supply auditing and performance data to reports available through the Management Studio Object Browser. E.g. Schema change history report [1]<br /><strong>HOW CRITICAL IT IS?</strong><br />It depends upon the scenario. The best approach is to see the information being recorded in the trace to determine whether the information is suitable for you or not [2]<br /><strong>HOW RESOURCE GREEDY IT IS?</strong><br />“The default trace is composed of five 20 megabyte trace files that are accessed in a round robin fashion, When the first file is full, the trace moves to the next file in the sequence. When the fifth file is full, the first file is deleted and a new file is created” [1]<br />In case a lot of space is consumed and a lot of files are being created then there is a possibility that other traces are running as well.<br /><strong>HOW TO FIND OUT WHAT TRACES ARE RUNNING?</strong><br />The following command can be used [3]<br />SELECT * FROM fn_trace_getinfo(default);<br />GO<br /><strong>HOW TO STOP A TRACE?</strong><br />Information regarding stopping a trace can be found in [2],[4],[5].<br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>REFERENCES</strong><br />[1] Audit SQL Server with the Default Trace, July 2007, Online: http://www.sqlconsulting.com/news1007.htm, Accessed: 07 June 2011<br />[2] Kadlec, J. Default Trace in SQL Server 2005, MSSQL Tips, November 2006, Online: http://www.mssqltips.com/tip.asp?tip=1111, Accessed: 07 June 2011<br />[3] fn_trace_getinfo (Transact-SQL), MSDN, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms173875.aspx Accessed: 07 June 2011<br />[4] sp_trace_setstatus (Transact-SQL), MSDN, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms176034.aspx, Accessed: 07 June 2011Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-88863565357737512822011-05-28T18:34:00.000-07:002011-08-12T00:57:51.901-07:00List and Definitions of Each UML Diagram<strong>Use Case Diagrams </strong>
<br />The Use case diagram is used to identify the primary elements and processes that form the system. The primary elements are termed as "actors" and the processes are called "use cases." The Use case diagram shows which actors interact with each use case.
<br />A use case diagram captures the functional aspects of a system. More specifically, it captures the business processes carried out in the system. As you discuss the functionality and processes of the system, you discover significant characteristics of the system that you model in the use case diagram. Due to the simplicity of use case diagrams, and more importantly, because they are shorn of all technical jargon, use case diagrams are a great storyboard tool for user meetings. Use case diagrams have another important use. Use case diagrams define the requirements of the system being modeled and hence are used to write test scripts for the modeled system
<br /><a href="http://www.developer.com/design/article.php/2109801/Creating-Use-Case-Diagrams.htm">http://www.developer.com/design/article.php/2109801/Creating-Use-Case-Diagrams.htm</a>
<br /><strong></strong>
<br /><strong>Activity Diagram
<br /></strong>Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency.[1] In the Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams can be used to describe the business and operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An activity diagram shows the overall flow of control.
<br />
<br /><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/activity-diagram">http://www.answers.com/topic/activity-diagram</a>
<br />
<br /><strong>Class Diagrams:
<br /></strong>A UML class diagram is similar to a family tree. A class diagram consists of a group of classes and interfaces reflecting important entities of the business domain of the system being modeled, and the relationships between these classes and interfaces. The classes and interfaces in the diagram represent the members of a family tree and the relationships between the classes are analogous to relationships between members in a family tree. Interestingly, classes in a class diagram are interconnected in a hierarchical fashion, like a set of parent classes (the grand patriarch or matriarch of the family, as the case may be) and related child classes under the parent classes.
<br /><a href="http://www.developer.com/design/article.php/2206791/The-UML-Class-Diagram-Part-1.htm">http://www.developer.com/design/article.php/2206791/The-UML-Class-Diagram-Part-1.htm</a>
<br />
<br /><strong>State Diagrams </strong>
<br />The name of the diagram itself clarifies the purpose of the diagram and other details. It describes different states of a component in a system. The states are specific to a component/object of a system.
<br />A Statechart diagram describes a state machine. Now to clarify it state machine can be defined as a machine which defines different states of an object and these states are controlled by external or internal events.
<br /><a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/uml/uml_statechart_diagram.htm">http://www.tutorialspoint.com/uml/uml_statechart_diagram.htm</a>
<br />
<br /><strong>Interaction Diagrams
<br /></strong>Interaction diagrams are models that describe how a group of objects collaborate in some behavior - typically a single use-case. The diagrams show a number of example objects and the messages that are passed between these objects within the use-case.
<br />Interaction diagrams come in two forms, both present in the UML. The first form is the <strong>sequence diagram</strong>. In this form objects are shown as vertical lines with the messages as horizontal lines between them. This form was first popularized by Jacobson.
<br />The second form of the interaction diagram is the <strong>collaboration diagram</strong>. Here the example objects are shown as icons. Again arrows indicate the messages sent in the use case. This time the sequence is indicated by a numbering scheme. Simple collaboration diagrams simply number the messages in sequence. More complex schemes use a decimal numbering approach to indicate if messages are sent as part of the implementation of another message. In addition a letter can be used to show concurrent threads.
<br /><a href="http://www.cs.unc.edu/~stotts/145/CRC/Interactions.html">http://www.cs.unc.edu/~stotts/145/CRC/Interactions.html</a>
<br />
<br /><strong>Sequence Diagram
<br /></strong>A Sequence diagram depicts the sequence of actions that occur in a system. The invocation of methods in each object, and the order in which the invocation occurs is captured in a Sequence diagram. This makes the Sequence diagram a very useful tool to easily represent the dynamic behavior of a system.
<br />A Sequence diagram is two-dimensional in nature. On the horizontal axis, it shows the life of the object that it represents, while on the vertical axis, it shows the sequence of the creation or invocation of these objects.
<br /><a href="http://www.developer.com/article.php/3080941">http://www.developer.com/article.php/3080941</a>
<br />
<br /><strong>Collaboration diagram
<br /></strong>A Collaboration diagram is easily represented by modeling objects in a system and representing the associations between the objects as links. The interaction between the objects is denoted by arrows. To identify the sequence of invocation of these objects, a number is placed next to each of these arrows.
<br /><a href="http://www.developer.com/article.php/3102981">http://www.developer.com/article.php/3102981</a>
<br />
<br /><strong>Package diagram
<br /></strong>A package provides the ability to group together classes and/or interfaces that are either similar in nature or related.
<br /><a href="http://www.developer.com/design/article.php/2206791/The-UML-Class-Diagram-Part-1.htm">http://www.developer.com/design/article.php/2206791/The-UML-Class-Diagram-Part-1.htm</a> Package diagram shows the arrangement and organization of model elements in middle to large scale project. Package diagram can show both structure and dependencies between sub-systems or modules.
<br /><a href="http://www.visual-paradigm.com/VPGallery/diagrams/Package.html">http://www.visual-paradigm.com/VPGallery/diagrams/Package.html</a>
<br />
<br /><strong>Component Diagram
<br /></strong>The component diagram's main purpose is to show the structural relationships between the components of a system. In UML 1.1, a component represented implementation items, such as files and executables. Unfortunately, this conflicted with the more common use of the term component," which refers to things such as COM components. Over time and across successive releases of UML, the original UML meaning of components was mostly lost. UML 2 officially changes the essential meaning of the component concept; in UML 2, components are considered autonomous, encapsulated units within a system or subsystem that provide one or more interfaces. Although the UML 2 specification does not strictly state it, components are larger design units that represent things that will typically be implemented using replaceable" modules. But, unlike UML 1.x, components are now strictly logical, design-time constructs.
<br /><a href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/dec04/bell/">http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/dec04/bell/</a>
<br />
<br /><strong>Deployment Diagram
<br /></strong>The Deployment Diagram also helps to model the physical aspect of an Object-Oriented software system. It models the run-time configuration in a static view and visualizes the distribution of components in an application. In most cases, it involves modeling the hardware configurations together with the software components that lived on.
<br /><a href="http://www.visual-paradigm.com/VPGallery/diagrams/Deployment.html">http://www.visual-paradigm.com/VPGallery/diagrams/Deployment.html</a>
<br />Deployment diagrams are used to represent the physical architecture of a system. They present the distribution of the software components on the set of execution units (nodes).
<br />Nodes and artifacts are the main concepts in a deployment diagram.
<br /><a href="http://support.objecteering.com/objecteering6.1/help/us/objecteering_uml_modeler/diagrams/deployment_diagrams.htm">http://support.objecteering.com/objecteering6.1/help/us/objecteering_uml_modeler/diagrams/deployment_diagrams.htm</a>
<br />Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-38289000361178906472011-05-24T18:01:00.000-07:002011-08-12T01:00:07.764-07:00Notes on Scrum from MSF for Agile Development<strong>Points Extracted from documents available at the site of MSF for Agile</strong>
<br />
<br />
<br /><strong>MSF for Agile Development: </strong>
<br />• Based on Scrum, the objective of which is to “Deliver MORE value FASTER”.
<br />• Provides customers with the opportunity to review, guide and influence your team's work as it progresses
<br />• Based on the idea of refining plan as the team makes progress.
<br />
<br /><strong>About Scrum:
<br /></strong>• Methodology based on Agile Principle
<br />• Does not attempt to define everything at the start of project, instead team works in short iterations (sprints) to refine the plan and deliver value to customer.
<br /><strong>Major Roles Involved:
<br /></strong>• Team Role: Most individuals are in the Team Role
<br />• Product Owner Role: Has the responsibility that ensures that your customers are represented on the team. Must have good knowledge of customer requirement
<br />• Scrum Master: Ensures that the scrum practices are adhered to. E.g. ensures length of scrum meetings is less than 45 min. ensure that team does not include incomplete user stories in a sprint. Ensure that product owner does not add new features to the running sprint.
<br />
<br /><strong>Activities in Scrum: </strong>
<br />• Prepare for the project
<br />o Establish business case
<br />o Assemble Team (Assign three roles to people. Two people of the team will have additional responsibility, one will be Scrum Master and other will be Product Owner).
<br />o Set up your team’s infrastructure. (Acquire and configure the necessary software for supporting scrum).
<br />• Plan the project
<br />--o High level plan will be established
<br />--o It may change during implementation
<br />--o Output of the process is Product Backlog
<br />----- Backlog is a list of user stories (A description of user needs and user values) (By Team)
<br />----- Prioritized by business value and risk (By Product Owner)
<br />----- Estimation of user stories is done in abstract units called story points. (Story points are relative values that do not translate directly into a specific number of hours. By estimating in story points, your team will provide the general size of the user stories now and develop the more detailed estimation of hours of work later) (By Team)
<br />---- It is important that velocity is determined before planning (Velocity= total number of stories that can be covered in a sprint)
<br />--o Output also includes Release Plan (If needed)
<br />---- Identify groups of user stories that, together, provide enough business value to release to your customers.
<br />---- Determine in which sprints the team expects to complete those groups of user stories.
<br />--o Prepare for the first sprint
<br />---- Sprint is a timeboxed iteration
<br />---- One to Four (1 to 4) weeks long
<br />---- Product Owner breaks the user stories down into smaller stories.
<br />---- Product owner provide details about the user stories that the team will need to break the stories down into tasks.
<br />---- Your team will also ask for details about the user stories to be able to break them down into tasks and estimate those tasks
<br />• Plan a sprint
<br />--o Sprint planning meeting
<br />---- Team commits to completing a set of user stories from the product backlog
<br />---- Sprint backlog is created which consist of
<br />• Details regarding each task
<br />• Actual hours to be spent for each task
<br />• Total days to be consumed for a sprint
<br />--o Choose user stories
<br />---- Based upon the priority, user stories will be chosen for a particular sprint
<br />---- Choice should be made based upon velocity of team
<br />--o Identify tasks
<br />---- Team determines the tasks it must perform to complete the story
<br />---- They break the user stories to understand them and have confidence that it can be completed
<br />--o Estimate Tasks
<br />---- The Team decides how long (in hours) it will take to complete each task.
<br />--o Commit to user stories
<br />---- Uses iteration backlog to see if they have enough time
<br />---- If less time is available then lower ranked user stories should be removed
<br />• Run a sprint
<br />--o Complete User Stories
<br />---- Each member of your team signs up for a task when the sprint starts
<br />---- After completing that task, the team member updates its status and sign up for another task
<br />--o Track sprint progress
<br />---- Daily scrum meeting of 15 minutes to maximize its chance of meeting commitments
<br />• What I have done till last scrum meeting
<br />• What I will do before the next
<br />• What are the blocking issues.
<br />--o Finish the sprint
<br />---- Make sure that your team is completing all user stories or requirement (see if acceptance tests are being cleared )
<br />• Track the project
<br />--o Prepare the next sprint
<br />--o Track release progress
<br />
<br /><strong>Product Backlog:
<br /></strong>• Consists of User Stories to represent what its customers need and value
<br />• For each story the following information must be recorded
<br />--o Who is the user
<br />--o What the user needs to do
<br />--o Why the user needs to do that.
<br />• General Template: As a <user>, I need to <action>in order to <reason>
<br />• Users stories should possess the INVEST characteristics
<br />--o Independent
<br />---- Able to be scheduled and implemented in any order
<br />--o Negotiable and Negotiated
<br />---- Details agreed upon with the customer
<br />--o Valuable
<br />---- Must be valuable to the Customer. When splitting stories for development it must be made sure that it should deliver value to customer. For e.g. designing middle tier
<br />--o Estimable
<br />---- Rough estimation
<br />---- Smaller and negotiable things are easily estimated. Being Negotiable/Negotiated implies that a story is properly understood by the team.
<br />--o Small
<br />---- Story descriptions should be concise.
<br />---- Stories themselves should be small and should worth not more than four person weeks of work
<br />--o Testable
<br />---- An important feature that can double check the clarity of requirement
<br />---- If client does not know how a feature will be tested then he is not clear
<br />• Low priority user stories can be kept large and can be detailed out when approached
<br />
<br /><strong>Sprint Planning Meeting:
<br /></strong>• 2-4 hour meeting
<br />• Only once in a sprint
<br />• Determine What to do in coming sprint
<br />• Team builds Sprint Backlog on first day of sprint based upon inputs from product owner
<br />• First half is spent in identifying stories that are important and the developers are also comfortable with it.
<br />--o During the discussion the following information may be revealed, data sources, interface layouts, response time expectations and considerations for security and usability
<br />--o Team learns what it must build
<br />• In Second half, team determines how it will develop and test those user stories
<br />--o Presence of Product Owner is also required
<br />--o Team determines how it will implement the stories
<br />--o Team attempts to discover whether it can commit to implement all the stories requested by Product Owner?
<br />--o User stories are broken up into tasks
<br />--o Estimation of each task is done in hours
<br />--o A task should not be longer than a day
<br />--o It must be noted that 40% of the work emerges after the sprint meeting
<br />--o Individual estimates of tasks are added to calculate the total time required to complete the user story.
<br />• There may be a situation that duration of task is not clear unless some other task is performed.
<br /><strong>Daily Scrum Meeting:
<br /></strong>• Objective is to determine what it needs to do in the next day to maximize its chances of meeting its commitments
<br />• Duration should be limited to 15 minutes
<br />• Each member should describe
<br />--o What I have accomplished since most recent scrum
<br />--o What will I accomplish before next scrum
<br />--o What blocking issues or impediments might affect my work
<br />Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-72445702797466257972011-05-24T17:38:00.000-07:002011-05-24T17:46:00.029-07:00UML Lecture: MethodologiesSource: people.cs.uchicago.edu/~matei/CSPP523/lect4.ppt -<br /><br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br /><br />“A methodology is a collection of procedures, techniques, tools and documentation aids, supported by a philosophy, which will help the systems developers in their efforts to implement a new information system”<br /><br />Methodologies are more than a collection of tools and techniques<br />They specify:<br />• The stages into which a project should be broken down<br />• Tasks for each stage<br />• Outputs produced<br />• Support tools to use<br />• How the project is to be managed and controlled<br />All encompassed in a philosophy<br /><br /><strong>Waterfall Methodology<br /></strong>All phases of SDLC (Software Development Lifecycle) are executed in a sequence. Each phase completes before the next phase starts.<br />Philosophy of waterfall methodology<br />The philosophy behind waterfall seem to be that humans can do one thing at a time. Therefore, concentration should be focused on one activity and once it is completed then the other one will start.<br />The above philosophy is only successful when<br />• Requirements are known up front before design<br />• Requirements rarely change<br />• Users know what they want, and rarely need visualization<br />• Design can be conducted in a purely abstract space<br />• The technology will all fit nicely into place when the time comes<br />• The system is not so complex.<br /><strong></strong><br /><strong>Problems in Waterfall </strong><br />•Large amount of time and money are expanded before there is any visible results.<br />•Changes to requirements are difficult to manage and expensive as End-users don’t get to see the product until it is largely complete. At that time they may ask for significant changes.<br />•Various types of flaws remain undiscovered for lengthy period resulting in large amounts of rework when eventually discovered.<br /><br /><strong>Unified Process or Rational Unified Process<br /></strong>Unified Process uses Unified Modelling Language (UML) although this is not necessary.<br />Unified Process is distinguished by being<br />• use-case driven<br />Project is managed based upon the use cases<br />• architecture-centric<br />Focus is on identifying the components and interaction among components<br />• iterative and incremental<br />Rather than a Big Bang, project is completed as small increments (which includes use-cases). While completing use cases, certain activities are performed in an iterative way. i.e. Elaboration is performed each time when we move to a new use-case<br /><strong></strong><br /><strong>Phases of Unified Process </strong><br />• Inception Phase<br />• Elaboration Phase<br />• Construction Phase<br />• Transition Phase<br /><br /><strong>Inception Phase<br /></strong>• Initial requirements capture<br />• Cost Benefit Analysis<br />• Initial Risk Analysis<br />• Project scope definition<br />• Defining a candidate architecture<br />• Initial Use Case Model (10% - 20% complete)<br /><strong></strong><br /><strong>Elaboration Phase </strong><br />• Requirements Analysis and Capture<br />– Use Case Analysis<br />• Use Case (80% written and reviewed by end of phase)<br />• Scenarios<br />– Sequence and Collaboration Diagrams<br />– Class, Activity, Component, State Diagrams<br />– Detailed understanding and modeling of problem domain.<br />– Risk Assessment Plan revised<br />– Architecture Document<br /><strong>Construction Phase<br /></strong>• Focus is on implementation of the design:<br />– cumulative increase in functionality<br />– greater depth of implementation (stubs fleshed out)<br />– greater stability begins to appear<br />– implement all details, not only those of central architectural value<br />– analysis continues, but design and coding predominate<br /><strong>Transition Phase </strong><br />• The transition phase consists of the transfer of the system to the user community<br />• It includes manufacturing, shipping, installation, training, technical support and maintenance<br />• Integration with existing systems (legacy, existing versions, etc.)Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-46078276156414391402011-04-27T13:11:00.000-07:002011-04-27T18:40:11.103-07:00Lecture # 23 Validating RequirementsLecture # 23 Validating Requirements<br />It takes 30 minutes to correct a requirement defect in requirement phase<br />However it may take hours or may be days to correct a defect identified during system testing<br /><br />A very good practice is to do test planning and create test cases. This reveals defects in requirements early in life cycle.<br /><br /><strong>Validation Attempts to Ensure:<br /></strong>• SRS correctly describes system capabilities<br />• Requirement are complete and of high quality<br />• Consistent with each other<br />• Adequate basis for design and construction<br /><br />Validation can be done using informal or formal approaches.<br /><br /><strong>Informal approach includes </strong><br />• Peer Desk check: Ask one colleague to look over your work product<br />• A passaround: in which you invite several colleagues to examine a deliverable<br />• A walkthrough: Author describes a deliverable and solicit comments on it<br /><br /><strong>Among Formal Approaches we are going to discuss<br /></strong>• Inspection<br /><br /><strong>Inspection:<br /></strong>• It was first defined by IBM<br />• Involves small teams of trained participants<br />• Not specific to requirements but can be used for any software workproduct<br />• Involves careful examination of work products to discover defects<br />• A high leverage SQA technique<br />• It is said that one hour spent in inspection avoids at least 10 hours of labour<br />• Therefore even being a lengthy task, it should not be avoided<br />• If there is not enough time, then risk analysis should be done to identify critical requirements and then inspection of those should be performed<br />• Inspection should not wait for the entire SRS to complete but it should be started as soon as 10% of SRS gets completed.<br /><strong></strong><br /><strong>Participants of Inspection:<br /></strong>Should involve people having different perspectives<br />Normally four people are involved however the total number of people involved should not exceed 6<br /><br /><strong>People involved can be<br /></strong>• Author or peer of author<br />• Author of any predecessor work product, e.g. person who document high level requirements<br />• People who will do work based upon item being inspected<br />• People who are responsible for work products that interface with items being inspected<br /><br /><strong>Roles involved<br /></strong>Some tasks are delegated to people with in the inspection team<br /><em>1- Moderator (Inspection leader)</em><br />a. Plans inspection with author<br />b. Coordinates and facilitates activities<br />c. Distributes the material, days before the meeting<br />d. Responsible for right focus of meeting<br />e. Reporting results<br />f. Follows up with author so that defects and issues raised are addressed<br /><em>2- Author<br /></em>a. Much passive role<br />b. Listens and responds to questions<br />c. Spotting errors that others don’t see<br />d. Incorporating the recommendations<br /><em>3- Reader </em><br />a. Reads a requirement at a time<br />b. Paraphrases, that is explains in his own words<br />c. Other participants point out defects and issues<br /><em>4- Recorder (Scribe)<br /></em>a. Documents issues raised<br />b. Reads aloud what he has wrote to confirm accuracy<br /><strong></strong><br /><strong>Pre-requisites of Inspection:<br /></strong>Avoids spending time on issues that can be solved before<br />Moderator should the following before proceeding<br />1- Document confirms to standard template (If any)<br />2- Spell checked<br />3- Layout errors resolved<br />4- Reference documents required by inspectors are available<br />5- Line numbers printed<br />6- Open issues are marked as TBD (To be determined)<br />7- Moderator did not find 3 major defects in 10 min of time<br /><br /><strong>Inspection Stages<br /></strong>1- Planning<br />2- Overview Meeting<br />3- Preparation<br />4- Inspection Meeting<br />5- Rework<br />6- FollowupMuhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-67824289791214015042011-04-25T12:18:00.001-07:002011-04-25T12:18:52.546-07:00Lecture # 21 Ways of Developing PrototypesThere are three possible ways of developing prototypes<br /><strong>1. Paper Prototype</strong><br />a. Cheapest but effective<br />b. No executable software<br />c. Paper version needs to be developed<br />d. Usage scenarios are planned and drawn<br />e. Analyst may guide the end-user through the drawn scenarios explaining how particular tasks can be completed through the system<br /><strong>2. Wizard of OZ prototype</strong><br />a. Relatively cheap<br />b. Usually used when a legacy system is being replaced by a newer one<br />c. A new user interface is developed<br />d. The input accepted by interface is then taken up by a person who generates responses, may be after getting them from the old system.<br /><strong>3. Automated/Executable prototype</strong><br />a. Most expensive<br />b. Executable product is developed<br />c. Can be evolved into actual systemMuhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-62218309933855044972011-04-25T11:44:00.000-07:002011-04-25T12:10:02.898-07:00Lecture # 20 PrototypingPrototyping can help elicit and validate requirements<br />For a prototype, it is necessary that it gets developed quickly, therefore<br />• Prototypes normally include necessary functions only<br />• Many management practices and Quality Assurance practices are skipped<br />• Non functional requirements are ignored<br />• Sometimes it may be developed using a different technology so that development time is saved.<br /><strong>Benefits of Prototypes </strong><br />• Allows customer and end-user to experiment thus providing them with an opportunity to refine and improve their requirements.<br />• Customer can get an idea of how system can be used.<br />• Suggests overall feasibility and usefulness<br />• Effective way of developing user interface<br />• Ensures effective testing<br />• Since requires careful study thus reveals inconsistencies thus lesser requirement reworks<br /><strong>Problems<br /></strong>• Training is required if the team does not have experience of developing prototypes<br />• Additional time is required<br />• May cause delay as development team can get stuck into an infinite loop, where client suggests further improvements and requirements on each delivery of prototype<br />• Misleading as the emergent behavior may be different from actual product. For example actual payroll calculation for all employees of company may take a lot of time however since the prototype is not considering all records or may be all rules therefore payroll calculation will take less time. The end user may be mislead by this may begin to expect that payroll calculation will always take this much time.<br />• Can be used majorly for functional requirements<br /><strong>Categories of Prototypes<br />Throwaway </strong><br />• Discarded when final system has been developed<br />• Helps elicit and develop system requirement<br />• Usually requirements that are hardest to understand are included so that real expectation of client is determined<br />• Such features are included that are most crucial in terms of difficulties the customer may face while using them.<br /><strong>Evolutionary<br /></strong>• Deliver workable system quickly<br />• This prototype will be evolved into the actual system rather than developing the system from scratch after refinement of requirement (contrary to Throw-Away prototype).<br />• Features that are well understood are included<br />• Features that can deliver useful functionality to end-user are includedMuhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-30159416418990014332011-04-25T11:41:00.000-07:002011-04-25T11:44:38.353-07:00Lecture # 19 Activities of Requirement ElicitationThere cannot be a single process of requirement elicitation that can act as a silver bullet. However authors have suggested some activities that must be done while doing requirement engineering<br /><strong>1. Objective Setting:</strong><br />a. Identifying general goals of business<br />b. Outline of problem to be solved and need of problem to be solved<br />c. Identification of constraints including budget, schedule and interoperability<br /><strong>2. Background knowledge Acquisition<br /></strong>a. Acquiring Information regarding the organization<br />b. Acquiring information regarding application domain<br />c. Gathering knowledge about existing system that will be replaced<br /><strong>3. Knowledge Organization </strong><br />a. Organizing large amount of knowledge acquired<br />b. Involves identifying system stakeholders<br />c. Prioritizing goals<br />d. Discarding unnecessary domain knowledge which do not contribute to system requirement<br /><strong>4. Stakeholder requirement collection<br /></strong>a. Involves consulting system stakeholders to discover their requirements<br />As a result of requirement elicitation a large amount of data is collected. In order to make the data more meaningful, it is important that the organized and structured.<br /><br />Following are the ways to structure data<br /><strong>1. Partitioning<br /></strong>a. Aggregation relationship. For example in University, a degree is made up of a number of courses. Payroll of a single employee is made up of a number of earnings<br /><strong>2. Abstraction </strong><br />a. General / Specific Relationship. For example a university offers a Degree which has a number of categories e.g. PH.D., Masters, Bachelors etc. Each category has some special characteristic<br /><strong>3. Projection<br /></strong>a. Organization of knowledge from several different perspectives, For example, information from the perspective of student, details from the perspective of faculty and information with respect to examination etc.Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-15333112615180551742011-04-12T18:44:00.001-07:002011-04-12T18:45:54.283-07:00UML 3rd & 4th Lecture ScenariosUse-Case Specification/Description<br />(Note: Proof Reading will be done soon)<br /><br />Scenario # 1<br /><br />Maintenance requests are forwarded by consultant to developer. The developer gives response to request after doing analysis of the request. If the request is something which is doable the developer calculates and gives estimates (Time) to consultant. Incase the request can not be entertained, the developer informs the consultant. <br />Forwarding request involves recording information about request on an excel sheet and emailing details of request to developer.<br /><br />Scenario # 2<br /><br />While issuing admit card the account department checks fee payment and checks attendance. If the fees is paid and attendance is complete then admit card will be issued. If fees is not paid then student has to submit an undertaking identifying the date by which fees will be submitted after which admit card will be issued. Incase student is short of attendance the account department may ask for medical certificate to know the reason of absence. If the reason is not valid the admit card will not be issued.<br /><br />Scenario # 3<br /><br />An associate can add information regarding contacts. He can also update the status of contact to a prospect or client. When the status of contact is updated it is shifted from public list to private list of associates. If the contact was already in communication with other associates then an email will be sent to all the other associates in order to inform that they can no longer do business with contact. <br /><br />Scenario # 4<br /><br />On receiving an order the salesman packages the goods and creates a bill. If it is found that the items are not available in the shop then they are brought from warehouse before creating package. In addition, if after creating package of goods it is found that specific goods are not left in shop then they are brought from warehouse.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Activity Diagram<br /><br />Scenario # 1<br /><br />While processing an order a salesman determines price of individual items and calculates the total amount of bill. If the amount of bill exceeds 5000 then a discount of 10% is offered. Salesman also checks if the customers process a “Valued Customer Card”. If the customer is valued customer then 10% discount is offered.<br /><br />Scenario # 2<br /><br />Employee submit leave application manager approves leave application and forwards it to HR department which performs deductions of leaves.Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-26048168680263739462011-04-12T18:33:00.000-07:002011-04-12T18:41:39.133-07:00UML Lecture# 2 Use Case DiagramsA Use Case diagram models the functionality of the system as perceived by outside users, called actors. <strong>• Use case diagrams </strong>– Highlight the functional requirements of the system i.e. what the system should do – Since it records “what the system should do”, thus it become the basis for performing tests that verify whether the system doing what the user expects – Pthe ability to trace functional requirements into classes and operations <strong>• Audience of Use Case diagram </strong>– Clients can see the use case diagram to confirm whether the system will do what they expect – Quality Assurance Team may refer to use case diagrams while verifying whether system meets the expectations of clients – Architects may use the diagram to see what functionality should be made available to various users <strong>Components of a use-case diagram </strong>• Use-cases – Represents a complete functionality as perceived by an actor – It encapsulates a description of a set of sequence of actions, including variants that the system performs to yield an observable value to an actor. The sequence and variants are documented in a use case specification • Actor – representing a role that someone might play, rather than a particular individual – external entity that has interest in interacting with the system – Someone who gives input or receive any output from the system • Interaction – a communication relation between an actor and a use case <strong>Drawing a use case diagram </strong>• The first step is to identify the actors • Then we should identify the activities that are initiated by actor or the activities whose output is received by an actor. • It should be seen whether any sub activities are performed or whether some actions are performed in special situations <strong>Use Case Relationships </strong>A use case is usually associated with an actor. This association is known as communications associations The navigation direction of an association represents who is initiating the communication <strong>Relationships also exist between use cases </strong><strong></strong><strong>Generalization relationship: </strong>Sometimes certain use case is a specialized version of another use case. For example, Conduncting a Test is a general situation whereas a Conducting a Mid-Term is a special situation that has all the processes/steps of Test as well as some additional steps/ <strong>Include </strong>– Base use case explicitly incorporates the behavior of another use case – It enables us to avoid describing the same flow of events several time by putting the common behavior in a use case of its own<strong> • Extend</strong> – An extend relationship between use cases means that behavior of another use case is conditionally incorporated in the base use case – Use an extend relationship to model the part of a use case the user may see as optional system behaviorMuhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-29073977037064898072011-04-04T19:10:00.000-07:002011-04-04T19:14:45.157-07:00Lecture # 18 Problems in Each Dimension<strong>Objective </strong>-Understand problem in each dimension <strong>Introduction</strong> While gathering information from various dimensions, a number of problems are faced. Following section enlists the problems under relevant headings <strong>Problems in Application Domain</strong> • Knowledge is scattered in books, brains and manuals • Problems are also faced while referring to these sources because the presence and usage of specialist terminologies. For example, while making a system for managing financial products a developer may encounter terms like Premium, On Risk Date, Income Protection etc. In order to better understand documents etc. such terms may first be understood. <strong></strong><strong>Problems in Problem Analysis</strong> People who understand the problem are sometimes so busy or they have some deadlines to meet because of which they have less priority for sharing information with requirement engineer In some situations, they may not be convinced that the system is necessary/useful, therefore they resist its development by avoiding sharing information or in some cases correct information <strong></strong><strong></strong><strong>Problems in Business Understanding: </strong>• Higher management may try to present requirements in such a way that they gain more control. They initially decided and main objectives may be different but higher management may latter realize that there is an opportunity of getting other advantages from the system. Thus they will try to include additional requirements that may to contribute in achieving the actual objectives of the system. <strong>Problems in Understanding Stakeholder Constraints and Needs:</strong> • It is a common observation that stakeholders don’t really know what they want or in some cases they find it difficult to articulate their needs and wants. • It has also been observed that they have unrealistic demands because they are not aware of the technology constraints. For example the client may demand a mobile application that allows users dictate SMS. This application is technically impossible with the current technology. • One other issue is that same requirement is expressed differently by various stakeholders belonging to various levels of organization. <strong>Other problems</strong> • Economic and business environment changes, this may affect the importance certain requirements or even certain applications. To understand this, let’s discuss an example out of the IT domain. A recording company decided that it would make cassettes by itself and it started working on this project. While they were in the initial stages of this project, CDs came into the market and soon it became clear that CDs will replace cassettes. The business will now lose its interest in the project related to cassettes as it will not be worth spending money on it. • Requirements from new stakeholders who were not originally consulted • People who were consulted initially changed their jobs • Stakeholders forget what they said. For example, one of our clients indicated that some fields must have defaulted to commonly used values so that users don’t have to type everything. However at a later stage of project they complained (forgetting that it was their own demand) that because of the default values end-users do not fill the complete form and they leave the default values as they are.Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-32079059672030979322011-03-26T04:52:00.000-07:002011-03-26T04:58:12.219-07:00Lecture # 2: Scenarios for practising Use Case Diagram<strong>Scenario # 1</strong><br /><br />A patient takes appointment with scheduler for checkup. On the appointment date the doctor performs checkup. While doing checkup the doctor checks body temperature and blood pressure. In addition, the doctor also looks at the previous medical record, if it is available in the clinic. Finally, the patient pays fee to doctor.<br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Scenario # 2</strong><br /><br />An employee can apply for leave. For applying, an employee will have to submit a form. In case of annual leave a manager will have to approve leave. While approving, the manager will confirm that employee has sufficient leave balance and no critical task are assigned to him.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Scenario # 3</strong><br /><br />End user submits their registration form. The details of the information are compared by administration with existing data. If the information is verified then the End user is activated. Activation involves sending Emails, containing username and temporary password.Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-6618216973133876722011-03-23T04:43:00.000-07:002011-03-23T04:45:04.382-07:00Lecture # 17 Requirement Elicitation<strong>Requirement Elicitation</strong><br /><strong>Objectives</strong><br />• Understand Requirement Elicitation<br />• Understand information that should be gathered in Requirement Elicitation<br /><strong>What is Requirement Elicitation?<br /></strong>It is the name given to activities involved in discovering requirements of the system<br />It involves learning about the problem to be solved through brainstorming and questioning. It involves identifying who the actual users are, what are their needs and what constraints. <strong>Dimensions of Information Gathered in Elicitation </strong><br />The information that combines to form the requirements of the system have at least four dimensions and requirement engineer must gain understanding of them<br />These include<br />1. Understanding Application domain<br />2. Understanding The Problem<br />3. Understanding The Business<br />4. Understanding The needs and constraints of stakeholders<br /><strong>Understanding Application Domain:<br /></strong>This involves gaining general knowledge about the application domain. For example, when you are making a sales system for an Asset Management Firm you must have a general idea of what is asset management and how various products are sold.<br /><strong>Problem Understanding </strong><br />The general concepts and ideas gained should be specialized and the details of specific customer problem where the system is going to be applied must be understood. For example after having an idea of how financial products are generally sold, you must extend the knowledge by gaining information about how the company for which you are developing solution sells the products<br /><strong>Business Understanding<br /></strong>This involves gaining knowledge of organization’s goals and how the system will contribute to the achievement of goals. It also involves studying and understanding the environment in which the system will function in order to identify the other systems with which a system will interact. Let’s take the example of asset management firm again. A requirement engineer must have gain information about the sales system will contribute towards the achievement of organizational goals. The goal of a company may be to increase sales by providing sales team with more and more time to spend with customer. In addition, the company has its own email server through which sales team send follow up emails to customers. These two items will influence the solution that will be proposed and if these are overlooked then the final output may not be very useful/satisfactory for the client<br /><strong>Understanding the needs and constraints of stakeholders<br /></strong>Finally, it is very important to take detailed information from stakeholder regarding their actual needs and their expectation about how the system will support their work. It also involves getting details of processes they perform and how they use the existing systems use to perform those processes.Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-21038789267257763902011-03-23T00:17:00.001-07:002011-03-23T00:20:33.071-07:00Lecture#1 Introducing Modeling and Unified Modeling Language<strong>Objectives: </strong><br /><br /><ul><li>To understand what is Modeling and why it is important </li><li>To know what is UML? </li><li>To understand the purpose of Use Case Model<br /><strong>Model:<br /></strong>Model is a simplification of reality<br />Example: When you go to buy a bungalow, you are shown a model bungalow and/or a plan (layout) of rooms etc. These are examples of model through which you are given an idea of how the model bungalow will look like and whether it meets your requirement or not.<br /><strong>Modeling:</strong><br />The process of developing models is known as modeling<br /><strong>Why we Model ?<br /></strong>Modeling is done so that we can comprehend complex system and we can focus on particular aspects of the system<br /><strong>Modeling Language:</strong><br />A modeling language provides notation as well as guidance regarding how these notations can be used to exhibit various aspects of the system. Using these notations and recommendations people can model useful views of the system<br /><strong>Points to Remember<br /></strong>• A single model can never be sufficient for a system that is not simple. For example when we go to purchase a house in a housing scheme that is about to be constructed, we are shown the floor plans of house so that we are informed about various aspects of house that we can understand. The floor plan includes information about the number of rooms, their arrangement, size, position of windows.<br />However that’s not the only diagram/plan created. There are other plan/diagrams which explain the position of beams and columns (pillar) whose audience is the contractor. There may be other diagrams that explain the layout of electric and plumbing lines<br />• Models should be drawn with different levels of precision, i.e. An initial model may explain the high level details where as a detailed version may be available for identifying low level details.<br />For example an international bank may have a diagram that highlights the countries in which its branches are present. As the next level of detail, the bank may have diagrams for individual countries that highlight the cities of a particular country in which the branches are present. Finally, another level of detail may include a diagram that identifies the areas of a particular city in which branches<br />• If the modeling is done properly and carefully then there are high chances that the system will be developed<br /><strong>Importance of Standardized Modeling Language<br /></strong>The importance of modeling was strongly felt by the industry when software solutions started becoming complex. Complexity of software required them to be modeled properly and in addition to this the development of software began to involve a number of roles. Thus the need for effective communication between these roles arose.<br />Initially these needs were fulfilled by modeling languages that were not standardized i.e. Every vendor used a different set of notations to model artifacts of software. The problem in this approach was that the artifacts were not understandable by everyone and people outside the vendor organization found it very difficult to understand those models properly<br /><strong>Unified Modeling Language </strong><br />UML is a language for visualizing, specifying, constructing and documenting the artifacts of a software intensive system.<br />It is called unified, because three writers Booch, Rumbaugh and Jacobsons and countless other in the OO industry have created Unified Modeling language by merging all previous work and standardized to be accepted by everyone.<br /><strong>UML Diagrams<br /></strong><em>Structural Diagrams</em><br />• Class Diagram<br />• Use Case Diagram<br />• Component Diagram<br />• Deployment Diagram<br />• Package Diagram<br /><em>Dynamic Diagrams<br /></em>• State<br />• Activity<br />• Interaction<br />o Sequence<br />o Collaboration </li></ul>Muhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2532513155160350249.post-26775351989117781662011-03-12T11:22:00.000-08:002011-03-12T11:29:33.647-08:00Lecture 16: Process Improvement and Process Maturity<strong>Objectives:</strong>• Understand what is process improvement?<br />• Learn how it should be carried out<br /><br /><strong>Process Improvement </strong>Process Improvement came to prominence with the notion of business process engineering. It involves rethinking redesigning current process to be more efficient and effective<br />Proper planning and investment of time and resources is required for process improvement<br /><strong>Planning Process Improvement </strong><br />Four Questions need to be asked<br />1. What are the problems in Current Process?<br /> a. There may be identifiable problems like<br /> i. Late Delivery<br /> ii. Poor Quality<br /> iii. Poor Quality<br /> b. You need to know<br /> i. What are the current processes<br /> ii. How much they are followed<br />2. What are the improvement goals?<br /> a. The above activities would have highlighted a number of problems. This step involves identifying or selecting any of the problems for improvement that were identified in the previous phase<br />3. How can we introduce process improvement?<br /> a. Identify processes that cause most problems<br /> b. What changes can be made to them?<br /> c. Remember that sudden changes must always be avoided<br />4. How should improvement be controlled and managed?<br /> a. Procedures to collect feedback must be determined so that it can be judged whether the improvement is beneficial or not?<br /> b. Actions should be taken in response to feedback.<br /><strong>Process Maturity: </strong>It is the extent to which the processes are defined and controlled.<br />SEI’s Capability maturity model (C.M.M) is a framework for assessing software process maturity in development organization<br />C.M.M defines a framework consisting of three levels<br />Level 1 (Initial): Organizations have undisciplined processes and it is left to individuals to decide how to do things<br />Level 2 (Repeatable): Have basic cost and schedule management procedures<br />Level 3(Defined): Project management activities and engineering activities standardized<br />Level 4(Managed): Detailed measurement related to process and product are collected and used to control processes<br />Level 5(Optimized): Have continuous process improvement strategy based on strategic measurement in placeMuhammad Zeeshan Ali Ansarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08769439870711644299noreply@blogger.com0